Article
Motte-and-bailey: changing position under criticism
Shackel describes how a far-reaching claim can be defended by retreating to a much more modest position when challenged.
Why read it?
An original source for recognising a shifting defensive position.
Keep in mind
This is a critical philosophical essay. Use the concept to investigate reasoning, not to label a person.
Reference details
Title as recorded: THE VACUITY OF POSTMODERNIST METHODOLOGY
Author(s): Nicholas Shackel · Year: 2005
Publication / host: Wiley
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9973.2005.00370.x
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Classic text
Hayek: no one holds all the knowledge
Hayek examines how knowledge is distributed across society and how people can coordinate their actions around it.
Why read it?
Helps ask how to use knowledge held by different people.
Keep in mind
This is a historical economic argument. It does not establish that one organisational form is always best.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Hayek: kennis verspreid over de samenleving
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: www.laits.utexas.edu
Source language: English
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Research reportStarting point
How reliably do AI assistants answer news questions?
Public-service broadcasters examine errors, source use and distortions in AI assistants' answers.
Why read it?
Provides research against which to assess expectations of AI as a source of news and facts.
Keep in mind
The study concerns particular models, questions and a measurement period. Other systems or situations may produce different results.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Hoe betrouwbaar beantwoorden AI-assistenten nieuwsvragen?
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: www.ebu.ch
Source language: English
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ArticleStarting point
Searle and the Chinese room
Searle argues that following rules to process symbols is not sufficient, by itself, for understanding.
Why read it?
An original source for asking whether an appropriate answer implies understanding.
Keep in mind
This philosophical argument is contested. It is not an experiment with current language models.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Minds, brains, and programs
Author(s): John R. Searle · Year: 1980
Publication / host: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00005756
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Classic text
Keynes and the beauty contest
In Chapter 12 of The General Theory, Keynes describes how expectations depend on what we think others expect.
Why read it?
Helps examine how expectations about others shape our own choices.
Keep in mind
The beauty contest is an analogy within economic analysis. It is not a literal account of how everyone behaves.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Keynes en de schoonheidswedstrijd
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: www.marxists.org
Source language: English
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GuidanceStarting point
Human oversight that makes a difference
Dutch government guidance on human judgement in decisions involving algorithms.
Why read it?
Helps ask what a human reviewer must be able to do to have a real influence.
Keep in mind
Adding a person to a process does not, by itself, create meaningful oversight.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Betekenisvolle menselijke tussenkomst
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: algoritmes.overheid.nl
Source language: Dutch
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Perspective
Buddhism: what does “not-self” mean?
Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu explains why, in his interpretation, the Buddhist idea of “not-self” is not simply a denial of any self.
Why read it?
Adds nuance to claims about what Buddhist texts say about the self.
Keep in mind
The author defends a particular interpretation within the Buddhist tradition.
Reference details
Title as recorded: No-self or Not-self?
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: www.accesstoinsight.org
Source language: English
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Article
The volunteer's dilemma
Diekmann describes a situation in which everyone benefits from an action but each person hopes someone else will bear the effort or cost.
Why read it?
Helps investigate why a group may fail to act despite a shared interest in action.
Keep in mind
This is a formal game model. Not every instance of waiting for others has the same cause.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Volunteer's Dilemma
Author(s): Andreas Diekmann · Year: 1985
Publication / host: SAGE Publications
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1177/0022002785029004003
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Article
Cooperation when the game eventually ends
Kreps and colleagues examine how cooperation can arise in a finite sequence of prisoner's-dilemma rounds.
Why read it?
Explores what repetition and expectations change about cooperation.
Keep in mind
The result depends on what players know and the assumptions about their behaviour.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Rational cooperation in the finitely repeated prisoners' dilemma
Author(s): David M Kreps; Paul Milgrom; John Roberts; Robert Wilson · Year: 1982
Publication / host: Elsevier BV
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1016/0022-0531(82)90029-1
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Article
Moral Machine: which choices do people find acceptable?
A large-scale experiment examines moral choices involving self-driving vehicles and differences between participant groups.
Why read it?
Helps distinguish what people find acceptable from what can be morally justified.
Keep in mind
Participants' preferences do not prescribe what is morally right. The scenarios and participant composition also limit the conclusions.
Reference details
Title as recorded: The Moral Machine experiment
Author(s): Edmond Awad; Sohan Dsouza; Richard Kim; Jonathan Schulz; Joseph Henrich; Azim Shariff; Jean-François Bonnefon; Iyad Rahwan · Year: 2018
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0637-6
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