Article
Definitions with hidden values
Macagno and Walton examine how definitions can contain value judgements and unspoken disagreements.
Why read it?
Explores how apparently neutral words shape assessments.
Keep in mind
Whether a definition is problematic depends on its context and role in the argument.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Overtuigende definities en verborgen waarden
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: informallogic.ca
Source language: English
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Legislation
The European AI Act
The official 2024 publication of the European AI Act.
Why read it?
A primary legal source for questions about European rules on AI.
Keep in mind
The link points to the original publication. Also check subsequent amendments and the updated legal text.
Reference details
Title as recorded: De Europese AI-verordening
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: eur-lex.europa.eu
Source language: English
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Article
The unexpected test as a logical puzzle
Kaplan and Montague examine how an announced test can still be unexpected, and the roles of knowledge and prediction.
Why read it?
An original source for the unexpected-test paradox.
Keep in mind
The precise meanings of “knowing” and “unexpected” make a substantial difference.
Reference details
Title as recorded: A paradox regained.
Author(s): D. Kaplan; R. Montague · Year: 1960
Publication / host: Duke University Press
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1305/ndjfl/1093956549
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Classic textStarting point
Chesterton's fence: understand before changing
In The Thing, Chesterton recommends finding out why something exists before removing it.
Why read it?
Encourages questions about an arrangement's original purpose when considering change.
Keep in mind
The argument calls for investigating function. It does not require preserving every existing rule.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Chestertons hek: eerst begrijpen, dan veranderen
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: catholiclibrary.org
Source language: English
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Classic text
Jevons: using coal more efficiently
In The Coal Question, Jevons examines the relationship between more efficient coal use and total consumption.
Why read it?
An original source for asking why greater efficiency does not always reduce consumption.
Keep in mind
This is a historical text. The scale of comparable effects today requires fresh research.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Jevons: The Coal Question
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: www.econlib.org
Source language: English
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Research report
What do we know about mentoring?
An accessible summary of educational research on support from a mentor.
Why read it?
Helps ground expectations of mentoring in research.
Keep in mind
Mentoring differs from targeted tutoring. Outcomes depend on the approach and the people involved.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Wat weten we over mentorschap?
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk
Source language: English
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Article
Berkeley: what aggregate admissions figures conceal
A classic analysis of admissions data shows how group composition can change the interpretation of differences.
Why read it?
Makes Simpson's paradox concrete through university admissions.
Keep in mind
This is one historical case. The statistical analysis does not answer every question about fairness.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Sex Bias in Graduate Admissions: Data from Berkeley
Author(s): P. J. Bickel; E. A. Hammel; J. W. O'Connell · Year: 1975
Publication / host: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1126/science.187.4175.398
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Article
Climate and conflict: which places are missing?
This analysis examines whether certain places are over- or under-represented in climate–conflict research.
Why read it?
Helps ask which locations our knowledge of a subject actually rests on.
Keep in mind
The study identifies a selection problem. Other imbalances in selection may have different causes.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Sampling bias in climate–conflict research
Author(s): Courtland Adams; Tobias Ide; Jon Barnett; Adrien Detges · Year: 2018
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0068-2
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Guidance
Calculating the birthday paradox
University lecture notes explain how to calculate the probability that at least two people in a group share a birthday.
Why read it?
Provides a worked calculation for a probability many people underestimate.
Keep in mind
The standard calculation assumes independent birthdays and 365 equally likely days. These notes were added as supplementary explanation.
Reference details
Title as recorded: De verjaardagsparadox uitrekenen
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: vanderbei.princeton.edu
Source language: English
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ArticleStarting point
Depending on others for knowledge
Hardwig examines why much of our knowledge depends on other people's research and judgement.
Why read it?
Explores how we can know something without checking everything ourselves.
Keep in mind
The article develops a philosophical argument. Depending on others does not require trusting them blindly.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Epistemic Dependence
Author(s): John Hardwig · Year: 1985
Publication / host: Philosophy Documentation Center
Source language: English
DOI: 10.2307/2026523
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ArticleStarting point
Mary's room: knowing and experiencing
Jackson asks whether knowing all the physical facts also means knowing what a conscious experience feels like.
Why read it?
An original source for asking whether experience teaches something beyond a description.
Keep in mind
This is a thought experiment, not experimental evidence against a complete physical explanation.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Epiphenomenal Qualia
Author(s): Frank Jackson · Year: 1982
Publication / host: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Source language: English
DOI: 10.2307/2960077
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BookStarting pointCounterpoint
Ostrom: managing shared resources together
In Governing the Commons, Ostrom investigates how communities organise the use of shared resources.
Why read it?
Offers a counterpoint to the idea that shared resources inevitably become depleted.
Keep in mind
No approach works everywhere. Local rules, monitoring and circumstances matter.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Governing the Commons
Author(s): Elinor Ostrom · Year: 1990
Publication / host: Cambridge University Press
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511807763
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Article
“I knew it would happen”
This classic study examines how people remember their earlier probability estimates after learning an outcome.
Why read it?
Helps examine hindsight without immediately attributing a reasoning error to someone.
Keep in mind
The study concerns a particular experiment. It cannot be used to assess an individual person.
Reference details
Title as recorded: I knew it would happen
Author(s): Baruch Fischhoff; Ruth Beyth · Year: 1975
Publication / host: Elsevier BV
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1016/0030-5073(75)90002-1
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Article
Choices in financial markets when probabilities are unclear
A review of how uncertainty about probabilities matters in financial markets.
Why read it?
Develops Ellsberg's distinction between known risks and unknown probabilities.
Keep in mind
The article provides academic analysis, not investment advice.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Ambiguity and Asset Markets
Author(s): Larry G. Epstein; Martin Schneider · Year: 2010
Publication / host: Annual Reviews
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-financial-120209-133940
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Article
Model Cards: documenting a model
A proposal for documenting a machine-learning model's intended uses, evaluation and limitations.
Why read it?
Shows what information is needed to assess a model for a particular task.
Keep in mind
Documentation does not replace independent evaluation of performance.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Model Cards for Model Reporting
Author(s): Margaret Mitchell; Simone Wu; Andrew Zaldivar; Parker Barnes; Lucy Vasserman; Ben Hutchinson; Elena Spitzer; Inioluwa Deborah Raji; Timnit Gebru · Year: 2019
Publication / host: ACM
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1145/3287560.3287596
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Article
“The others probably know”
This model examines how people follow others' earlier choices and give less weight to their own information.
Why read it?
Provides background for asking how a sequence of individual decisions can produce herd behaviour.
Keep in mind
The model rests on assumptions. Shared judgements do not always arise this way.
Reference details
Title as recorded: A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades
Author(s): Sushil Bikhchandani; David Hirshleifer; Ivo Welch · Year: 1992
Publication / host: University of Chicago Press
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1086/261849
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ArticleStarting point
Testing yourself to help remember
Roediger and Karpicke examine how actively retrieving information can help people remember it later.
Why read it?
Provides research for asking why self-testing can be part of learning.
Keep in mind
The result concerns the learning tasks studied. Not every form of testing will have the same effect.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Test-Enhanced Learning
Author(s): Henry L. Roediger; Jeffrey D. Karpicke · Year: 2006
Publication / host: SAGE Publications
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x
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Article
What if a scientific model is wrong?
Sullivan examines how the consequences of error matter when scientists use machine-learning models that are difficult to understand.
Why read it?
Explores how much uncertainty is acceptable when a wrong conclusion has consequences.
Keep in mind
The article examines evidence and values philosophically. It does not compare model performance.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Inductive Risk, Understanding, and Opaque Machine Learning Models
Author(s): Emily Sullivan · Year: 2022
Publication / host: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1017/psa.2022.62
KP-R-BA305D525719
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