Classic text
Hume on personal identity
The passage in A Treatise of Human Nature where Hume examines personal identity, experience and memory.
Why read it?
An original source for asking what makes us the same person over time.
Keep in mind
Hume's view of the self as a bundle of experiences is a contested philosophical position.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Hume over persoonlijke identiteit
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: davidhume.org
Source language: English
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Classic text
Nietzsche: The Gay Science
A historical English translation of Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, with passages on attitudes to life and recurrence.
Why read it?
Offers original passages on Nietzsche's questions about how to live.
Keep in mind
The translation and edition may differ from contemporary editions.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Nietzsche: The Joyful Wisdom
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: www.gutenberg.org
Source language: English
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Classic text
Why questions about the self sometimes go unanswered
The Ānanda Sutta raises questions about the self and explains why an answer is withheld.
Why read it?
Invites examination of the assumptions behind a question.
Keep in mind
Read the passage in context. Silence does not necessarily mean affirmation or denial.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Waarom de vraag naar het zelf soms onbeantwoord blijft
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: www.dhammatalks.org
Source language: English
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Article
AI and critical thinking at work
A survey asks knowledge workers how much cognitive effort they report making when using generative AI and how confident they feel.
Why read it?
Helps distinguish claims about AI and critical thinking from what the research actually measures.
Keep in mind
The answers describe participants' own experiences. They do not establish causal or lasting loss of thinking ability.
Reference details
Title as recorded: The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers
Author(s): Hao-Ping (Hank) Lee; Advait Sarkar; Lev Tankelevitch; Ian Drosos; Sean Rintel; Richard Banks; Nicholas Wilson · Year: 2025
Publication / host: ACM
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1145/3706598.3713778
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ArticleCounterpoint
Jackson revises his position
In Mind and Illusion, Jackson revisits his earlier views on experience and a physical account of the mind.
Why read it?
Shows why familiar arguments should also be read in light of an author's later development.
Keep in mind
Read this text alongside the original Mary papers. Jackson's later position differs from his earlier one.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Mind and Illusion
Author(s): Frank Jackson · Year: 2003
Publication / host: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1017/s1358246100008365
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ArticleStarting point
When the score becomes the goal
Bevan and Hood examine how targets and measurement in English healthcare can steer behaviour towards better figures.
Why read it?
Helps ask whether a better score means a better reality.
Keep in mind
The study concerns a particular organisational setting. Not every performance measure has the same consequences.
Reference details
Title as recorded: WHAT’S MEASURED IS WHAT MATTERS: TARGETS AND GAMING IN THE ENGLISH PUBLIC HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Author(s): GWYN BEVAN; CHRISTOPHER HOOD · Year: 2006
Publication / host: Wiley
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9299.2006.00600.x
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Article
Medicine and the McNamara fallacy
O'Mahony discusses the risk of valuing only what can be measured.
Why read it?
Explores what falls out of view when numbers determine an assessment.
Keep in mind
This is a critical essay drawing on healthcare examples. Its criticism does not mean that measurement is inherently wrong.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Medicine and the Mcnamara Fallacy
Author(s): S O'Mahony · Year: 2017
Publication / host: SAGE Publications
Source language: English
DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2017.315
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ArticleStarting point
The Abilene paradox
Harvey describes how a group can choose something that its individual members do not actually want.
Why read it?
Helps ask whether agreement reflects a genuinely shared preference.
Keep in mind
The familiar family story illustrates the idea. It is not a controlled experiment.
Reference details
Title as recorded: The abilene paradox: The management of agreement
Author(s): Jerry B. Harvey · Year: 1974
Publication / host: Elsevier BV
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1016/0090-2616(74)90005-9
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Article
Understanding probabilities by counting cases
Hoffrage and colleagues explain how frequencies can help us reason about probabilities.
Why read it?
Offers a way to make difficult probability questions easier to understand.
Keep in mind
The explanation works only when the counts concern the right groups and the proportions are correct.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Representation facilitates reasoning: what natural frequencies are and what they are not
Author(s): U Hoffrage · Year: 2002
Publication / host: Elsevier BV
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00050-1
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Article
The Linda problem: why a detailed story convinces
Tversky and Kahneman examine why a combination of characteristics may seem more probable than one of those characteristics alone.
Why read it?
An original source for asking why a plausible story can mislead probability judgements.
Keep in mind
How people understand the question also depends on its wording and the research design.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment.
Author(s): Amos Tversky; Daniel Kahneman · Year: 1983
Publication / host: American Psychological Association (APA)
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.293
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ArticleStarting point
Performing well is not the same as learning
This review discusses the difference between immediate performance and learning something that remains available later.
Why read it?
Helps distinguish performance with assistance from what someone can later do independently.
Keep in mind
Investigating that difference requires measurement at different times. Better immediate performance can still be valuable in itself.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Learning Versus Performance
Author(s): Nicholas C. Soderstrom; Robert A. Bjork · Year: 2015
Publication / host: SAGE Publications
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1177/1745691615569000
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Classic textStarting point
Plutarch and the Ship of Theseus
In Theseus 23.1, Plutarch describes the replacement of a ship's parts and the question of whether it remains the same ship.
Why read it?
An original source for a familiar question about identity and change.
Keep in mind
This is a historical account that prompts a philosophical question, not a modern experiment.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Plutarchus en het schip van Theseus
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: penelope.uchicago.edu
Source language: English
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Article
Braess: an extra road can slow everyone down
An authorised English translation of the classic traffic paradox on how individual route choices affect overall travel times.
Why read it?
Shows how an improvement for individual users can have adverse collective effects.
Keep in mind
The mathematical result holds for particular networks and assumptions. It does not mean that additional infrastructure is always harmful.
Reference details
Title as recorded: On a Paradox of Traffic Planning
Author(s): Dietrich Braess; Anna Nagurney; Tina Wakolbinger · Year: 2005
Publication / host: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1287/trsc.1050.0127
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ArticleStarting point
AI help with mathematics: what can you do afterwards?
A field experiment examines pupils' performance on mathematics tasks with AI assistance and what they can subsequently do without it.
Why read it?
Helps distinguish good performance with AI from what a pupil has learned independently.
Keep in mind
Read the published correction, DOI 10.1073/pnas.2518204122. The conclusions depend on the setting and form of AI support studied.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning: Evidence from high school mathematics
Author(s): Hamsa Bastani; Osbert Bastani; Alp Sungu; Haosen Ge; Özge Kabakcı; Rei Mariman · Year: 2025
Publication / host: National Academy of Sciences
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2422633122
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Article
Floridi on AI companionship
A philosophical reflection on artificial companions and how AI may change our understanding of humanity.
Why read it?
Provides historical background for questions about AI and our view of ourselves.
Keep in mind
The reflection was published in 2008. It does not assess current products.
Reference details
Title as recorded: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE'S NEW FRONTIER: ARTIFICIAL COMPANIONS AND THE FOURTH REVOLUTION
Author(s): LUCIANO FLORIDI · Year: 2008
Publication / host: Wiley
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9973.2008.00573.x
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Article
Delegating cognitive work while retaining control
An article distinguishes ways of delegating cognitive work to AI that support or weaken a person's control.
Why read it?
Explores how to use help without handing over your own judgement.
Keep in mind
Examine how the article defines and investigates the different forms. They should not simply be grouped together.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Not all cognitive offloading is equal: distinguishing dependent and autonomous offloading to generative AI
Author(s): Qiuhan Zhu; Xiangnan Li; Yiang Dong; Pengcheng Chang; Mengmeng Fan · Year: 2026
Publication / host: Frontiers Media SA
Source language: English
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1878629
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Article
Fine on vagueness and truth
Fine addresses vague concepts through formal logic, including the sorites or heap paradox.
Why read it?
Offers further reading on how a statement with a vague boundary can be true.
Keep in mind
The text requires knowledge of logic. Different solutions begin from different assumptions.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Vagueness, truth and logic
Author(s): Kit Fine · Year: 1975
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1007/bf00485047
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Guidance
Rights in automated decision-making
The Belgian Data Protection Authority explains protections relating to certain automated decisions.
Why read it?
Provides an accessible introduction to rights around automated decisions.
Keep in mind
This is general information from the regulator. A particular case requires its own assessment.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Rechten bij geautomatiseerde besluitvorming
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: www.gegevensbeschermingsautoriteit.be
Source language: Dutch
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