Article
How beliefs protect themselves from criticism
Boudry and Braeckman examine ways people make their beliefs resistant to contrary evidence.
Why read it?
Helps distinguish defending an argument from making criticism impossible.
Keep in mind
The particular reasoning needs to be assessed. Defending a belief is not inherently wrong.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Immunizing Strategies and Epistemic Defense Mechanisms
Author(s): Maarten Boudry; Johan Braeckman · Year: 2011
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1007/s11406-010-9254-9
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Article
Going along with the group in human–AI teams
Research on the tendency to conform when people make decisions together with AI.
Why read it?
Explores how independent our judgement remains when AI joins the discussion.
Keep in mind
Outcomes depend on the team's composition, the task and the AI system used.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Drivers and influence of social conformity on decision making in human-AI teams
Author(s): Huixin Zhong; Jack McKinlay; Jinha Yoon; Rashi Bagri; Eamonn O’Neill; Janina A. Hoffmann · Year: 2026
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-43042-5
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Article
Kahneman and Tversky on prediction
A classic study of intuitive prediction and how people take base rates into account.
Why read it?
Helps distinguish a persuasive story from a well-supported probability estimate.
Keep in mind
The research uses laboratory tasks. Something that seems typical is not necessarily the most probable outcome.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Kahneman en Tversky over voorspellen
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: faculty.econ.ucdavis.edu
Source language: English
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Article
From delegation to giving up responsibility
Mühlhoff distinguishes uses of language models according to who forms the judgement and can check the knowledge involved.
Why read it?
Helps ask whether someone delegates a task or also gives up their own judgement.
Keep in mind
The classification starts from a view of responsibility. It needs to be applied to concrete situations.
Reference details
Title as recorded: From delegation to moral abdication: classifying large language model uses by judgment and epistemic control
Author(s): Rainer Mühlhoff · Year: 2026
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1007/s00146-026-03281-6
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Article
Voluntarily handing over judgement
A philosophical analysis of knowledge, dependency and the room for independent judgement that people voluntarily give up.
Why read it?
Explores why convenience may make us dependent on a system.
Keep in mind
The author develops an argument. It does not establish that every AI user loses control.
Reference details
Title as recorded: On the epistemic structure of voluntary servitude in the infosphere
Author(s): Tiegue Vieira Rodrigues · Year: 2026
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1007/s00146-026-03342-w
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Classic text
Aristotle: practical wisdom
In Book VI of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle distinguishes knowledge, skill and practical wisdom, among other concepts.
Why read it?
Provides background for asking what wise action requires beyond technical skill.
Keep in mind
This is a historical text in English translation. Attend to the distinction between effective means and good ends.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Aristoteles: praktische wijsheid
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: classics.mit.edu
Source language: English
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ArticleStarting point
Monty Hall starts with the rules
Gill explains why calculating the probabilities requires knowing the rules and the host's behaviour.
Why read it?
Encourages us to define a problem before doing the calculation.
Keep in mind
The familiar two-thirds probability applies only when the relevant assumptions hold.
Reference details
Title as recorded: The Monty Hall problem is not a probability puzzle* (It's a challenge in mathematical modelling)
Author(s): Richard D. Gill · Year: 2011
Publication / host: Wiley
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9574.2010.00474.x
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Article
Hindsight: what does the research say?
A review brings together research on how knowing an outcome colours our memory of earlier judgements.
Why read it?
Provides wider background for the feeling that we knew it all along.
Keep in mind
The review was published in 1991. Read more recent research and replications alongside it.
Reference details
Title as recorded: The hindsight bias: A meta-analysis
Author(s): Jay J.J Christensen-Szalanski; Cynthia Fobian Willham · Year: 1991
Publication / host: Elsevier BV
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90010-q
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Article
Why your friends have more friends on average
Feld explains how network structure affects whom we encounter through our friends.
Why read it?
An original source for the friendship paradox.
Keep in mind
The statement concerns averages. It does not mean that every friend has more friends than you do.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Why Your Friends Have More Friends Than You Do
Author(s): Scott L. Feld · Year: 1991
Publication / host: University of Chicago Press
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1086/229693
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Article
What does an AI label do to credibility?
Li and Yang examine how a text's label affects judgements of accuracy and credibility, and willingness to share it.
Why read it?
Helps ask whether we judge the content or mainly its presumed author.
Keep in mind
What people find credible need not be factually correct.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Wat doet een AI-label met geloofwaardigheid?
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: formative.jmir.org
Source language: English
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Preprint
Learning political information through AI conversations
Luettgau and colleagues compare learning through focused AI conversations with learning through self-directed Google searches.
Why read it?
Provides research for examining how different information-seeking methods affect learning.
Keep in mind
This is version 5 of a preprint. The study does not establish that AI is suitable for every form of direct fact-checking.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Conversational AI increases political knowledge as effectively as self-directed internet search
Author(s): Luettgau, Lennart; Kirk, Hannah Rose; Hackenburg, Kobi; Bergs, Jessica; Davidson, Henry; Ogden, Henry; Siddarth, Divya; Huang, Saffron; Summerfield, Christopher · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: arxiv.org
Source language: English
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Article
Treating AI as though it were a person
This analysis examines moral confusion when people treat systems as though they act and bear responsibility in their own right.
Why read it?
Helps us speak carefully about what an AI system “wants”, “chooses” or “decides”.
Keep in mind
The article examines concepts and values. Responsibility on the part of people and organisations remains a separate question.
Reference details
Title as recorded: As-If Agents: Misrecognition and the Ethics of Non-Agentive AI
Author(s): Neumann Saskia Janina · Year: 2026
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1007/s44206-026-00290-2
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Article
Supporting ethical claims about AI
An approach to connecting ethical principles with concrete arguments and evidence about an AI system.
Why read it?
Explores what is needed to support a claim such as “responsible AI”.
Keep in mind
A well-structured argument is not enough without appropriate evidence about the system.
Reference details
Title as recorded: A principles-based ethics assurance argument pattern for AI and autonomous systems
Author(s): Zoe Porter; Ibrahim Habli; John McDermid; Marten Kaas · Year: 2024
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1007/s43681-023-00297-2
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Article
Dunning–Kruger: the original study
Kruger and Dunning examine how performance relates to assessments of one's own competence.
Why read it?
Provides an original source against which to check popular accounts of the Dunning–Kruger effect.
Keep in mind
Read later statistical critiques too. The popular mountain-shaped graph and sweeping claims about “stupid people” do not follow from this study.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.
Author(s): Justin Kruger; David Dunning · Year: 1999
Publication / host: American Psychological Association (APA)
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
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Article
Assessment that supports further learning
Black and Wiliam develop a theory of feedback and assessment that help learners move forward.
Why read it?
Helps view assessment as part of learning.
Keep in mind
Results also depend on how the approach is used in a particular lesson.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Developing the theory of formative assessment
Author(s): Paul Black; Dylan Wiliam · Year: 2009
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1007/s11092-008-9068-5
KP-R-7D957B14EF72
Article
Responsibility without blameworthy fault?
A philosophical analysis of responsibility when AI causes harm without any one person clearly having made a mistake.
Why read it?
Explores who might bear responsibility when no individual appears to be at fault.
Keep in mind
The article is not legal advice and does not describe any particular country's liability rules.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Blameless responsibility for faultless AI harm
Author(s): Anna K. Boos · Year: 2026
Publication / host: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Source language: English
DOI: 10.1007/s11098-026-02600-3
KP-R-7DC7D79E978A
Classic text
Dewey on habits and action
In Human Nature and Conduct, Dewey examines habits, action and the relationship between means and ends.
Why read it?
Provides philosophical background for asking how habits shape action.
Keep in mind
The work was published in 1922. Applying it to contemporary technology is an interpretation, not part of the original text.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Dewey: Human Nature and Conduct
Author(s): Not recorded · Year: Not recorded
Publication / host: www.gutenberg.org
Source language: English
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Reference workStarting point
The heap paradox: when does something become a heap?
An overview of the history of the sorites paradox and attempts to deal with vague boundaries.
Why read it?
Explores when many small changes together make a difference.
Keep in mind
Philosophers disagree about a solution. The overview discusses several approaches.
Reference details
Title as recorded: Sorites Paradox
Author(s): Raffman, Diana; Hyde, Dominic · Year: 1997
Publication / host: plato.stanford.edu
Source language: English
KP-R-8034F0F41A65
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